curses announced for Israel by God through Hosea. Each blessing or curse is based upon a corresponding type in the Mosaic law. Some blessings and curses so specifically parallel the pentateuchal formulations that they border on “citation,” though citation per se was unknown in ancient legal procedure; others, more generally, merely allude to the pentateuchal wordings. Although Hosea’s style was in many ways original, his message was not at all innovative. Hosea’s task was simply to warn that Yahweh